FR plants are similar to PT plants but use a series of ground-based, flat or slightly curved mirrors placed at different angles to concentrate the sunlight onto a fixed receiver located several meters above the mirror field.
Each line of mirrors is equipped with a single axis tracking system to concentrate the sunlight onto the fixed receiver. The receiver consists of a long, selectively-coated tube where flowing water is
converted into saturated steam (DSG or Direct Steam Generation). Since the focal line in the FR plant can be distorted by astigmatism, a secondary mirror is placed above the receiver to refocus the sun’s rays. As an alternative, multi-tube receivers can be used to capture sunlight with no secondary mirror. The main advantages of FR compared to PT systems are the lower cost of ground-based mirrors and solar collectors (including structural supports and assembly).
While the optical efficiency of the FR system is lower than that of the PT systems (i.e. higher optical losses), the relative simplicity of the plant translates into lower manufacturing and installation costs compared to PT plants.
However, it is not clear whether FR electricity is cheaper than that from PT plants. In addition, as FR systems use direct steam generation, thermal energy storage is likely to be more challenging and expensive.
FR is the most recent CSP technology with only a few plants in operation (e.g. 1.4 MW in Spain, 5 MW in Australia and a new 30-MW power plant, the Puerto Errado 2, in Spain, which started operation in September 2012). Further FR plants are currently under construction (e.g. Kogan Creek, Australia 44 MW, 2013) or consideration.
Each line of mirrors is equipped with a single axis tracking system to concentrate the sunlight onto the fixed receiver. The receiver consists of a long, selectively-coated tube where flowing water is
converted into saturated steam (DSG or Direct Steam Generation). Since the focal line in the FR plant can be distorted by astigmatism, a secondary mirror is placed above the receiver to refocus the sun’s rays. As an alternative, multi-tube receivers can be used to capture sunlight with no secondary mirror. The main advantages of FR compared to PT systems are the lower cost of ground-based mirrors and solar collectors (including structural supports and assembly).
While the optical efficiency of the FR system is lower than that of the PT systems (i.e. higher optical losses), the relative simplicity of the plant translates into lower manufacturing and installation costs compared to PT plants.
However, it is not clear whether FR electricity is cheaper than that from PT plants. In addition, as FR systems use direct steam generation, thermal energy storage is likely to be more challenging and expensive.
FR is the most recent CSP technology with only a few plants in operation (e.g. 1.4 MW in Spain, 5 MW in Australia and a new 30-MW power plant, the Puerto Errado 2, in Spain, which started operation in September 2012). Further FR plants are currently under construction (e.g. Kogan Creek, Australia 44 MW, 2013) or consideration.
FR plants are similar to PT plants but use a series of ground-based, flat or slightly curved mirrors placed at different angles to concentrate the sunlight onto a fixed receiver located several meters above the mirror field.
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